Do gesto à linguagem indireta: a noção de expressão em Merleau-Ponty / From gesture to indirect language: the notion of expression in Merleau-Ponty

O objetivo do artigo é compreender a noção de linguagem e expressão em Merleau-Ponty, de modo a evidenciar como se dá a gênese de sentido linguístico. Primeiro, optamos em expor o estado da questão na Fenomenologia da Percepção. Introduzimos o corpo como potência expressiva e significativa de mundo, e a linguagem como expressão atrelada ao caráter gestual da palavra. Em seguida, apresentamos a expressão da linguagem após a apropriação feita por Merleau-Ponty da linguística de Saussure. Por fim, enfocamos a articulação entre o sentido gestual da palavra e o caráter sistemático da língua: o sujeito falante, enquanto potência de atualização e criação de sentido, assume a língua à qual pertence, ao mesmo tempo em que a língua forma sua possibilidade de expressão.

This paper aims to understand the notion of language and expression in Merleau-Ponty, in order to show how the genesis of linguistic meaning occurs. First, we chose to showcase the state of this question in Phenomenology of Perception.We introduce the body as an expressive and significant power of world, and the language as an expression linked to the gestural character of the word. Then, we present the language expression after Merleau-Ponty's appropriation of Saussure's linguistics. Finally, we focus on the articulation between the gestural sense of the word and the systematic character of the language: the speaking subject, as a power of updating and creating meaning, assumes the language to which it belongs, at the same time that the language forms its possibility of expression.

Perfis artísticos em dança: os casos de Lac e Les Poupées / Perfiles artísticos en la danza: los casos de Lac y Les Poupées / Artistic profiles in dance: the cases of Lac and Les Poupées

Este estudo tem por objeto a descrição de traços presentes em perfis artísticos em dança que reconhecemos por sua estabilidade e persistência. Toma como primeira investidura os casos de Lac (Sandro Borelli) e Les Poupées (Marta Soares). Com o modelo do Big Five - os cinco grandes fatores da personalidade - é possível o recorte de grupos de gestos e movimentos, comportamento não verbal, os que persistem como ação e reação, os quais são receptivos e reativos à própria ação, os insistentes a olho nu. Fazemos uso da observação e, consequentemente, interpretação a partir de gravação em DVDs em sistema de forward and rewind - avançar e retroceder - e freeze, o congelar das imagens de gravações em vídeo. Os perfis em arte são habitualmente estudados em acordo com o grau de aproximação e afastamento de um determinado fator da personalidade do artista e não como motivo independente no produto artístico. (AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir las características que configuran los perfiles artísticos en danza con los que reconocemos su estabilidad y persistencia a lo largo de la producción escénica de un determinado artista. Toma a Lac (Sandro Borelli) y Les Poupées (Marta Soares) como su primera investidura. Con el modelo Big Five, los cinco factores principales de la personalidad, es posible cortar grupos de gestos y movimientos, aquellos que persisten como acción y reacción, qué tan receptivos y reactivos a la acción misma, lo insistente a simple vista. Los perfiles de arte se estudian de acuerdo con el grado de aproximación y distancia de un determinado factor en la personalidad del artista. No parece haber ningún interés en entender el producto artístico como algo para ganar un perfil como un motivo independiente de la personalidad del artista. (AU)

This study aims to describe the features present in artistic profiles in dance which we recognize for their stability and persistence. It takes as his first investiture the cases of Lac (Sandro Borelli) and Les Poupées (Marta Soares). With the Big Five model - the five great personality factors - it is possible to cut out groups of gestures and movements, non-verbal behavior, those that persist as action and reaction, how receptive and reactive they are to the action itself, the insistent ones to the naked eye. We make use of observation and, consequently, interpretation based on recording on DVDs in a forward and rewind system - forward and backward - and freeze, the freezing of the images of video recordings. Profiles in art are usually studied according to the degree of approximation and distance from a certain factor of the artist's personality and not as an independent motive in the artistic product. (AU)

Evaluation des connaissances théoriques des étudiants en médecine sur les gestes de premiers secours en République Démocratique du Congo / Theoretical knowledge assessment of medical students on first aid in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Introduction: La République Démocratique du Congo fait régulièrement face à plusieurs urgences sanitaires. La présence des médecins en première ligne dans la riposte y est un phénomène spontané. Des lacunes ont été identifiées dans la connaissance des premiers secours au sein de la population; d'où la nécessité de formation. Les étudiants en médecine y joueraient un rôle crucial. Cette étude évalue les connaissances théoriques en premiers secours chez ceux-ci. Méthodologie: Notre étude est de type descriptif et transversal. Elle a été conduite du 01 Juin au 30 Août 2021 à la Faculté de médecine de l'Université Catholique du Graben. Notre échantillon était constitué de 279 étudiants. La collecte des données a été faite par un questionnaire d'enquête couvrant divers aspects des premiers secours. Les données ont été traitées par le logiciel Epi Info version 3.4.5. Résultats: Aucun participant n'a démontré un niveau satisfaisant de connaissances théoriques en premiers secours tandis que 38,7% et 61,3 % ont démontré un niveau intermédiaire et bas respectivement. Une corrélation positive a été notée entre la promotion d'étude, une formation antérieure en premiers secours et le niveau de connaissance. Le média est la principale source d'information. Près de la moitié des étudiants ont affirmé n'avoir jamais posé un geste de premier secours à cause du manque de connaissance (47,7%). La quasi-totalité a montré une attitude positive en rapport avec l'introduction d'une formation en premiers secours en milieu universitaire. Conclusion: Cette étude a démontré un faible niveau de connaissances des gestes de premiers secours parmi les étudiants en médicine, mais une volonté d'apprendre. Il y a nécessité d'intégrer la formation en gestes de premiers secours dans tous les curriculums de l'enseignement en RDC

Introduction: The Democratic Republic of Congo regularly faces several health emergencies. The presence of medical doctors in the first line of the response is a spontaneous phenomenon. Gaps in first aid knowledge have been identified in the population; hence the need for training. Medical students could play a crucial role in this context. This study assesses the theoretical knowledge of first aid among them. Methods: Our study is descriptive and transversal. It was conducted from June 01 to August 30, 2021 in the Faculty of Medicine of the Catholic University of Graben. Our sample consisted of 279 students. Data collection was done through a survey questionnaire covering various aspects of first aid. Data were processed using Epi Info software. The chi-square test was used to estimate the association of variables with knowledge and a p-value. Results: No participant demonstrated a satisfactory level of theoretical knowledge of first aid while 38.7% and 61.3% demonstrated an intermediate and low level respectively. A positive association was noted between the study level, a previous training in first aid and the level of knowledge. The media is the main source of information. Nearly half of the students said they had never taken a rescue action because of lack of knowledge (47.7%). The vast majority (98%) had a positive attitude regarding the introduction of first aid in school's curriculum. Conclusion: Our study showed a poor level of first aid knowledge among medical students, but a great willingness to learn. There is a great need to incorporate first aid trainings in all training curricula in the DRC.

Convolutional neural network human gesture recognition algorithm based on phase portrait of surface electromyography energy kernel / 生物医学工程学杂志

Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a weak signal which is non-stationary and non-periodic. The sEMG classification methods based on time domain and frequency domain features have low recognition rate and poor stability. Based on the modeling and analysis of sEMG energy kernel, this paper proposes a new method to recognize human gestures utilizing convolutional neural network (CNN) and phase portrait of sEMG energy kernel. Firstly, the matrix counting method is used to process the sEMG energy kernel phase portrait into a grayscale image. Secondly, the grayscale image is preprocessed by moving average method. Finally, CNN is used to recognize sEMG of gestures. Experiments on gesture sEMG signal data set show that the effectiveness of the recognition framework and the recognition method of CNN combined with the energy kernel phase portrait have obvious advantages in recognition accuracy and computational efficiency over the area extraction methods. The algorithm in this paper provides a new feasible method for sEMG signal modeling analysis and real-time identification.

Communicative Function of Pointing and Expressive Vocabulary Acquisition / A Função Comunicativa do Apontar e a Aquisição do Vocabulário Expressivo / La función Comunicativa del Señalar y la Adquisición del Vocabulario Expresivo

Abstract There is evidence of a strong association between the pointing gesture and early vocabulary acquisition. This study examined the extent to which this association is moderated by the communicative function of children's pointing. A total of 35 children participated in the study. Their use of the pointing gesture and their expressive vocabulary were assessed at 13 and 18 months using the Early Social Communication Scales and the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory, respectively. The results of multiple linear regression analyses indicated that variations in the frequency of declarative pointing at 13 months significantly contributed to variations in vocabulary size at both 13 and 18 months, independently of variations in maternal education. In contrast, variations in the frequency of imperative pointing did not concurrently or longitudinally correlate with children's vocabulary sizes. These results suggest that the relation between pointing and early vocabulary acquisition is moderated by the communicative function of the pointing gesture.

Resumo Há evidência de forte associação entre o gesto de apontar e a aquisição inicial do vocabulário. Este estudo teve por objetivo examinar em que medida essa associação é moderada pela função comunicativa do gesto de apontar. Participaram do estudo 35 crianças. O uso do gesto de apontar e o vocabulário expressivo foram avaliados aos 13 e 18 meses através das Escalas de Comunicação Social Inicial e do Inventário MacArthur-Bates de Desenvolvimento Comunicativo, respectivamente. Análises de regressão linear múltipla mostraram que variações na frequência do apontar declarativo aos 13 meses contribuíram significativamente para variações no vocabulário aos 13 e 18 meses, independentemente de diferenças na educação materna. Por outro lado, variações na frequência do apontar imperativo não se correlacionaram, concorrentemente ou longitudinalmente, com variações no vocabulário das crianças. Esses resultados sugerem que a relação entre o apontar e a aquisição do vocabulário é moderada pela função comunicativa do gesto de apontar.

Resumen Hay evidencia de fuerte asociación entre el gesto de señalar y la adquisición temprana del vocabulario. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar en que medida esa asociación es moderada por la función comunicativa del señalar. Participaron del estudio 35 niños. El uso del señalar y el vocabulario expresivo fueron evaluados a los 13 y 18 meses con las Escalas de Comunicación Social Temprana y el Inventario MacArthur-Bates de Desarrollo Comunicativo, respectivamente. Análisis de regresión lineal múltiple mostraron que variaciones en la frecuencia del señalar declarativo a los 13 meses contribuyeron significativamente para variaciones en el vocabulario a los 13 y 18 meses, independientemente de diferencias en la educación materna. En cambio, variaciones en el señalar imperativo no se correlacionaron, concurrentemente o longitudinalmente, con diferencias de vocabulario entre los niños. Esos resultados sugieren que la función comunicativa del señalar modera la relación entre ese gesto y la adquisición del vocabulario.

Os fios de Caracol: mulheres em danças de si / Snail Threads: women dancing their own / Hilos de Caracol: mujeres en danzas de sí

O presente trabalho tem como proposta a composição de um corpo-escrita por meio de narrativas de mulheres que dançam, ensaiando outros modos de existência a partir dos seus corpos generificados, femininos. O campo de pesquisa emergiu do encontro entre uma pesquisadora e dançarina e mulheres num espetáculo dançado, no qual o signo mulher nos apequena e performamos para multiplicar e profanar gestos, língua, sentidos. Tomando como pista metodológica a cartografia, entendemos a atividade de pesquisa como um acompanhamento de processos em curso, de derivas subjetivas. Seguimos, então, a partir desse campo, a invenção de um corpo que se revolve na sua própria história diante das marcas que lhe foram impostas e o constituem. Numa dança de si, amplia sensibilidades, transmuta e se produz no ilocalizável. Nessa experimentação, arte e clínica aparecem articuladas e emergindo de um plano comum.

The present work proposes the composition of a body-writing through narratives of women who dance, rehearsing other modes of existence from their gendered, feminine bodies. The research field emerged from the encounter between a researcher and dancer and women in a dance show where the sign woman is small and we perform to multiply and desecrate gestures, language, senses. Taking cartography as a methodological clue, we understand the research activity as an accompaniment of ongoing processes, of subjective drifts. We followed, then, from that field, the invention of a body that revolves in its own history in the face of the marks that were imposed on it and constitute it; in a dance of itself, it broadens sensibilities, transmutes and is produced in the illocalizable. In this experimentation, art and clinic appear articulated and emerging from a common plan.

El presente trabajo propone la composición de una escritura corporal a través de narraciones de mujeres que bailan, ensayando otros modos de existencia a partir de sus cuerpos femeninos y de género. El campo de investigación surgió del encuentro entre un investigador y bailarín y mujeres en un espectáculo de danza donde la mujer de los signos es pequeña y actuamos para multiplicar y profanar gestos, lenguaje, sentidos. Tomando la cartografía como una pista metodológica, entendemos la actividad de investigación como un acompañamiento de procesos en curso, de desviaciones subjetivas. Seguimos, entonces, desde ese campo, la invención de un cuerpo que gira en su propia historia frente a las marcas que se le impusieron y constituyen; en un baile de uno mismo, amplía sensibilidades, transmuta y se produce en lo ilocalizable. En esta experimentación, el arte y la clínica aparecen articulados y emergen de un plan común.

El desarrollo de la comunicación preverbal y verbal temprana. La importancia del juego / The development of early verbal and preverbal communication. The importance of the game

En el presente artículo se propone reflexionar acerca de la heterogeneidad de investigaciones vinculadas con los estudios del desarrollo de la comunicación. Se trata de un campo amplio y hasta difuso, en donde los límites no resultan ser muy claros. Uno de los objetivos del presente trabajo es organizar los constructos teóricos a los que han arribado los investigadores del desarrollo, a desde la génesis de la comunicación en los primeros años de vida del niño. En este sentido, el segundo objetivo es realizar una reflexión, a partir del análisis del cuerpo o "mapa" teórico construido, sobre las diferentes funciones psicológicas implicadas en el desarrollo de la comunicación preverbal, verbal y el juego como medio de exteriorización de los actos comunicativos. A través del material analizado se podría inferir que la evidencia empírica apoya que la génesis del desarrollo comunicativo se da a través de los gestos no verbales que refuerzan y construyen el desarrollo comunicativo, siendo también la base para el desarrollo del lenguaje verbal posterior. No obstante, a pesar de que los estudios sobre el desarrollo de la comunicación, respuesta social y juego durante los primeros años de vida del niño han avanzado en los últimos años, aún se verifica una escasez de estudios empíricos que propongan abordar en forma asociada el desarrollo de estos como promotor del desarrollo y lo que elicita en el infante.

In this article, we propose to reflect on the heterogeneity of research related to communication development studies. It is a wide and even diffuse field, where the limits do not turn out to be very clear. One of the objectives of this work is to define the theoretical constructs to which the development researchers have arrived, from an organization that starts from the research traditions that have given rise to the genesis of communication in the first years of infant's life. In this sense, the second objective is to make a reflection, based on the analysis of the body or theoretical "map" built on the different psychological functions involved in the development of preverbal and verbal communication analyzing the game as the main means of externalization of the acts communicative, where the child expresses internal emotional needs, emerging product of interaction and the most basic biological needs for survival. Through the analyzed material it could be inferred that the empirical evidence supports that the genesis of communicative development occurs through nonverbal gestures that reinforce and build communicative development, also being the basis for the development of subsequent verbal language. However, although studies on the development of communication, social response and play during the first years of the child's life have advanced in recent years, there is still a shortage of empirical studies that propose to address the associated development of these as a promoter of development and what elicits in the infant

Desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas en lactantes con síndrome de Down posterior a capacitaciones sistematizadas en comunicación gestual / Development of communicative abilities in infants with Down syndrome after systematized training in gestural communication

INTRODUCCIÓN: La comunicación gestual, entendida como el uso de gestos no verbales antes de la aparición de la palabra, es una fortaleza en niños con síndrome de Down (SD). OBJETIVO: Describir conductas de desarrollo comunicativo en niños con SD, previo y posterior a capacitaciones en comunicación gestual, basadas en talleres de "Señas, palabras y juegos" del programa Baby Signs®. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo de niños con SD entre 18 y 22 meses de edad cognitiva, a los cuales se les realizó capacitaciones en comunicación gestual según la metodología Baby Signs, evaluando habilidades comunicativas a través del inventario McArthur adaptado para niños con SD (Inventario de desarrollo comunicativo, CDI-SD), analizando los puntajes antes y 3 meses después de la intervención. Los ítems evaluados corresponden a: Comprensión temprana, Comprensión de las primeras frases, Comenzando a hablar, Lista de vocabulario y Uso descontextualizado del lenguaje (parte 1) y a Gestos totales, tempranos y tardíos (parte 2). RESULTADOS: 21 niños completaron los talleres, con una media de edad cronológica de 27,5 meses y 19,8 meses de edad cognitiva. El 29% de los participantes aumentaron sus puntajes en comprensión de frases, el 62% en producción de vocabulario con gestos, el 33% mejora la comprensión de vocabulario, el 57% perdió los gestos tempranos y el 43% aumentó la producción de gestos tardíos. CONCLUSIONES: Las capacitaciones en comunicación gestual favorecen el desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas en un grupo de niños con SD, principalmente en la com prensión inicial y producción de gestos. Existe importante variabilidad interindividual, por lo que es necesario considerar las recomendaciones niño a niño.

INTRODUCTION: Gestural communication, understood as the use of non-verbal gestures before the word appears, is a strength in children with Down syndrome (DS). OBJECTIVE: To describe com munication development behaviors in children with DS, before and after gestural communication training, based on the "Signs, words and games" workshops of the Baby Signs® program. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Prospective study of children with DS between 18 and 22 months of cognitive age, who were trained in gestural communication according to the "Baby Signs®" methodology, evaluating communication skills through the MacArthur inventory adapted for children with DS (Communica tive Development Inventories, CDI-DS), analyzing the scores before and three months after the in tervention. The evaluated items were: Early comprehension, First sentences comprehension, Starting to speak, Vocabulary list, and Decontextualized language use (part 1) and total, early and late gestures (part 2). RESULTS: 21 children completed the workshops, with an average chronological age of 27.5 months and 19.8 months of cognitive age. 29% of the participants increased their scores in sentence comprehension, 62% in vocabulary production with gestures, 33% improved in vocabulary compre hension, 57% lost early gestures, and 43% increased late gestures production. CONCLUSIONS: Gestural communication training favors the communication skills development in a group of children with DS, mainly in the initial understanding and gesture production. There is important inter-individual variability, therefore is necessary to consider child to child recommendations.

Sentido gestual da fala e o ingresso no campo da linguagem em merleau-ponty / Gestural sense of speech and entry into the field of language in Merleau-Ponty / Sentido de la palabra y lo ingreso en el campo de la lengua en Merleau-Ponty

Como parte de um estudo mais amplo a respeito do desenvolvimento da temática da linguagem ao longo do projeto filosófico de Merleau-Ponty, propomos um recorte que aborde uma inflexão central do percurso, o sentido gestual da fala conforme apresentado em “Fenomenologia da Percepção”, sob a perspectiva particular do ingresso no campo dos significantes linguísticos, visando compreender melhor a passagem da gestualidade geral para a fala propriamente dita. A conceptualização do sentido gestual da fala pretende auxiliar na superação de um modelo objetivista de linguagem, através da proposição de uma indissociabilidade entre significado e significante. Desvelar a forma através da qual o sistema de significantes estrutura-se como modalidade de abertura e de relação com o mundo constitui grande parte do desafio para que tal ultrapassagem se dê de forma efetiva. A aquisição da linguagem, por sua vez, apresenta um período desenvolvimental privilegiado para se refletir a respeito das particularidades do fenômeno expressivo, já que representa o momento na história individual em que o gesto dirige-se a um campo comum de ação e significação. Procuramos então abordar, sob esta perspectiva, a forma como o sentido gestual é capaz de significar e instituir um campo comum de ação e significação.

As part of a larger study on the development of the language theme throughout Merleau-Ponty's philosophical project, we propose na approach that addresses a central inflection of this course, the gestural sense of speech as presented in “Phenomenology of Perception”, under the particular perspective of the entry into the field of linguistic signifiers, in order to better understand the passage from general gesturality to speech itself. The conceptualization of the gestural sense of the speech aims to help in overcoming an objectivist model of language, through the proposition of an inseparability between signified and signifier. To unveil the way in which the system of signifiers structures itself as a modality of openness and relationship with the world constitutes a major part of the challenge for such an overcoming to take place effectively. The acquisition of language, in turn, presents a privileged developmental period to reflect on the particularities of the expressive phenomenon, since it represents the moment in the individual history wherein the gesture is directed to a common field of action and signification. In this perspective, we try to approach the way in which the gestural sense is capable of signifying and instituting a common field of action and signification.

Como parte de un estudio más amplio sobre el desarrollo del tema de la lengua a lo largo del proyecto filosófico de Merleau-Ponty, proponemos un enfoque que aborda una inflexión central de este curso, el sentido gestual de la palabra tal como se presenta en “Fenomenología de la Percepción”, perspectiva de la entrada en el campo de los significantes lingüísticos, para comprender mejor el pasaje de la gestualidad general a la propia palabra. La conceptualización del sentido gestual de la palabra pretende ayudar a superar un modelo objetivista del lenguaje, a través de la proposición de una inseparabilidad entre significados y significantes. Desvelar la forma en que el sistema de significantes se estructura como modalidad de apertura y relación con el mundo constituye una parte importante del desafío para que tal superación tenga lugar efectivamente. La adquisición del lenguaje, a su vez, presenta un período de desarrollo privilegiado para reflexionar sobre las particularidades del fenómeno expresivo, ya que representa el momento en la historia individual en el cual el gesto se dirige a un campo común de acción y significación. En esta perspectiva, tratamos de abordar la forma en que el sentido gestual es capaz de significar e instituir un campo común de acción y significación.

Experiences of Precocious Puberty in Primary School Girls with Hormone Therapeutics / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify the nature of precocious puberty and to explore what it means in primary schools.METHODS: The participants of this phenomenological study were nine primary school girls who were diagnosed with precocious puberty and experienced hormone therapeutics, applying a convenience sampling method. Data were collected from July 2017 to January 2018 through individual in-depth interviews of the participants, including gestures, facial expressions and nonverbal means. The data analysis followed the method of Giorgi.RESULTS: The study identified 37 concepts, 12 clusters, and five themes from experiences of precocious puberty. The essential five themes were as follows: ‘ashamed and concealing experience’, ‘there is no therapeutics option’, ‘difficulties in the process of therapeutics’, ‘difficulties in daily life’, and ‘ambivalence toward therapeutics’.CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicate physical, psychological and social difficulties faced by girls with precocious puberty. Based on this results of the study, it is necessary to develop nursing intervention programs focusing on healthy growth and development for children with precocious puberty.

Relación entre atención compartida madre-hijo, sensibilidad materna y expresión emocional gestual infantil / Relação entre atenção compartilhada mãe-filho, sensibilidade materna e expressão emocional gestual infantil / Relationship between mother-child shared attention, maternal sensitivity and infant emotional gestural expression

Resumen La atención compartida se refiere a episodios en los que el niño y su cuidador están enfocados intencionalmente en algún objeto o actividad, presentando intercambios físicos y emocionales. En este estudio se describió la atención compartida considerando las dimensiones de nivel de compromiso y tono emocional, y se analizó su relación con la sensibilidad materna y la intensidad de la expresión emocional gestual de niños de un año de edad. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 12 díadas madre-hijo, donde se consideró como criterios de inclusión que los niños tuvieran entre 12 y 14 meses de edad, que fueran hijos únicos, que vivieran con ambos padres, y que asistieran a sala cuna. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Evaluación de Atención Compartida, la Evaluación de la Expresión Emocional Gestual del Niño y la Escala de Sensibilidad del Adulto. Los resultados evidencian episodios de atención compartida en díadas madre-hijo al año de edad, además de una relación significativa entre atención compartida con el nivel de compromiso y la sensibilidad materna.

Resumo A atenção compartilhada refere-se a episódios nos quais a criança e seu cuidador estão focados intencionalmente em algum objeto ou atividade, apresentando trocas físicas e emocionais. Neste estudo, a atenção compartilhada foi descrita considerando as dimensões de nível de compromisso e tom emocional, e foi analisada sua relação com a sensibilidade materna e com a intensidade da expressão emocional gestual de crianças de um ano de idade. A amostra estava composta por 12 duplas mãe-filho, cujos critérios de inclusão eram que as crianças tivessem entre 12 e 14 meses de idade, que fossem filhos únicos, que vivessem com ambos os pais e que frequentassem o berçário. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Avaliação de Atenção Compartilhada, a Avaliação da Expressão Emocional Gestual da Criança e a Escala de Sensibilidade do Adulto. Os resultados evidenciam episódios de atenção compartilhada em duplas mãe-filho com um ano de idade, além de uma relação significativa entre atenção compartilhada com o nível de compromisso e a sensibilidade materna.

Abstract Shared attention refers to episodes through which a child and his or her caretaker are intentionally focused on some object or activity while engaging in physical and emotional exchange. This study describes shared attention bearing in mind levels of commitment and emotional tone, and it analyzes associated relationships with maternal sensitivity and the intensity of emotional expression in one-year-old children. The sample includes 12 mother-child dyads with the following inclusion criteria: only children, of ages between 12 and 14 months, living with both parents and attending a nursery. The instruments used were the Shared Attention Assessment, the Children's Emotional Expressions Assessment, and the Adult Sensitivity Scale (ASS). Results show episodes of shared attention between mother-child dyads at one year of age. A significant relationship between shared attention, levels of commitment, and maternal sensitivity was also found.

The effect of communication training using standardized patients on nonverbal behaviors in medical students / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: Nonverbal communication (NVC) is important in the patient-physician relationship, but the effect of NVC education is not well kown. In this study, we try to identify if students' NVC abilities are improved through communication training. METHODS: First-year medical students conducted medical interviews, which were performed with standardized patients (SPs) before and after communication skill education, and recorded in video. Fifty-one students were enrolled for this study. Two researchers used the NVC checklist, which consists of 12 nonverbal behaviors, to analyze and compare the students' nonverbal expressions in the interviews recorded before and after the education. RESULTS: After the students participated in communication training, open body position and adequate facial expression were increased while unnecessary silence, un-purposive movements, and giggling were decreased. These results can be interpreted as positive effects of the education. However, hand gesture was increased as a negative effect of the education. The total NVC score of the 12 nonverbal behaviors in the NVC checklist improved significantly, rising from 8.56 to 10.03. CONCLUSION: Communication skill education using SPs can improve nonverbal behaviors of medical students, especially facial expression, un-purposive movement, body position, unnecessary silence, and giggle, but not hand gesture. Further research is needed on a variety of teaching methods to improve NVCs.

Adherence to Anticholinergic Therapy and Clean Intermittent Self-Catheterization in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE: To evaluate adherence to anticholinergic therapy (AT) and clean intermittent self-catheterization (CISC) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to identify factors associated with poor adherence. METHODS: This single-center study prospectively included 49 patients suffering from MS who had been prescribed AT and/or CISC. Adherence was evaluated using a self-report questionnaire. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Patient Global Impression of Improvement, Mini-Mental State Examination, Urinary Symptom Profile, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) instruments were administered, and the number of daily anticholinergic pills and/or catheterizations was noted. Whether patients were receiving concomitant intradetrusor botulinum toxin injections was assessed, as were barriers to treatment, side effects, number of spontaneous micturitions, reasons for the prescription, satisfaction, and difficulties. RESULTS: Only 38% of patients were adherent to AT. Experiencing side effects was related to nonadherence (P=0.02). Only 29% of patients were adherent to CISC. More intense voiding dysfunction (P<0.001), a higher frequency of CISC (P=0.03), and a higher EDSS score (P=0.02) were associated with better adherence. Conversely, the HAD score (P<0.001), depression (P<0.001), the persistence of spontaneous micturition (P<0.001), a blocking sensation during catheterization (P=0.04), and the need to adapt one's posture or gesture to perform catheterization (P=0.04) were associated with poorer adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to AT and CISC was poor in patients with MS suffering from bladder dysfunction. Several factors related to nonadherence were identified in this study, and addressing these factors might help to improve treatment adherence.

A elaboração de um instrumento para investigar o domínio da percepção dos contrastes mínimos na língua brasileira de sinais / Elaboration of an instrument to investigate the acquisition of minimal contrast perception in the Brazilian sign language

RESUMO Objetivo Elaborar um instrumento para verificar a percepção dos contrastes mínimos, mediante a utilização de pares de sinais, os quais apresentam oposições em relação a um dos parâmetros: configuração de mão, locação de mão, movimento de mão e orientação de mão. Método Realizou-se um levantamento dos pares mínimos e foram confeccionadas figuras por um profissional das artes visuais, essas foram dispostas em três colunas, podendo ser iguais ou diferentes. Realizou-se a gravação de um vídeo contendo uma intérprete que realizava dois sinais por vez, para que o sujeito que fosse avaliado pudesse visualizá-los e apontar, nas figuras, quais sinais foram solicitados. Os julgadores analisaram os pares, referindo se estavam adequados, podendo realizar modificações ou solicitar que o par mínimo fosse retirado. Os julgadores verificaram ainda se as figuras estavam claras e se eram do vocabulário de crianças. Resultados A análise de concordância realizada entre os avaliadores mostrou resultado significativo para o critério julgado como 'não é par mínimo'. Foram retirados do instrumento 13 itens, pois variavam em mais de um parâmetro, configurando, dessa forma, pares análogos e não pares mínimos. Foram modificados 16 pares e acrescentados sete que variavam quanto ao parâmetro orientação, configurando um total de 35 pares mínimos na versão final do instrumento. Conclusão O objetivo de elaborar um instrumento de percepção de contrastes mínimos foi alcançado, sendo realizados alguns ajustes necessários durante a avaliação de seu conteúdo pelos juízes. O instrumento final foi composto por 35 pares, os quais diferem em somente um parâmetro.

ABSTRACT Purpose To design an instrument to check the perception of minimal contrasts by through pairs of signs, which differ in one the following parameters: handshape, hand location, hand movement and hand orientation. Methods An inventory of minimal pairs was made and some pictures were drawn by a visual artist. These pictures were organized into three columns, which could be equal or different from each other in the pair. A video file with an interpreter making two signs at a time was played to the individual taking the test and this was expected to watch the signs and point to the pictures that corresponded to them. Raters analyzed the pairs and decided whether or not they were accurate. They could modify the pairs or ask for particular pairs to be removed; they also checked if the pictures were clear and if they were part of the children's vocabulary. Results The analysis of agreement among raters had a significant result for the criterion rated as 'not a minimal pair'. Thus, 13 items were removed from the instrument because they differed as to more than one parameter, and were considered either analogous or not minimal pairs. Additionally, 16 pairs were modified, and seven pairs which differed in orientation, were added. As a consequence, there was a total of 35 minimal pairs in the final version of the instrument. Conclusion The purpose of designing an instrument for evaluation of the perception of minimal contrasts was achieved. Some adjustments were made during the assessment of the content of the instrument as suggested by raters. The final instrument was composed of 35 pairs which differ from each other in only one parameter.

A Short Review on the Current Understanding of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by a deficit in social behaviors and nonverbal interactions such as reduced eye contact, facial expression, and body gestures in the first 3 years of life. It is not a single disorder, and it is broadly considered to be a multi-factorial disorder resulting from genetic and non-genetic risk factors and their interaction. Genetic studies of ASD have identified mutations that interfere with typical neurodevelopment in utero through childhood. These complexes of genes have been involved in synaptogenesis and axon motility. Recent developments in neuroimaging studies have provided many important insights into the pathological changes that occur in the brain of patients with ASD in vivo. Especially, the role of amygdala, a major component of the limbic system and the affective loop of the cortico-striatothalamo-cortical circuit, in cognition and ASD has been proved in numerous neuropathological and neuroimaging studies. Besides the amygdala, the nucleus accumbens is also considered as the key structure which is related with the social reward response in ASD. Although educational and behavioral treatments have been the mainstay of the management of ASD, pharmacological and interventional treatments have also shown some benefit in subjects with ASD. Also, there have been reports about few patients who experienced improvement after deep brain stimulation, one of the interventional treatments. The key architecture of ASD development which could be a target for treatment is still an uncharted territory. Further work is needed to broaden the horizons on the understanding of ASD.

Os gestos na comunicação mãe-bebê: um estudo longitudinal / The gestures in mother-infant communication: a longitudinal study / Los gestos en la comunicación madre-bebé: un estudio longitudinal

Segundo a perspectiva da interação social dos estudiosos da linguagem, esta se desenvolve por meio de interações bidirecionais estabelecidas entre adulto e criança desde as idades iniciais. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a comunicação entre mãe e bebê na fase pré-verbal da criança. Participaram do estudo seis díades, filmadas em situação de brincadeira livre aos 6, 9 e 12 meses de idade do bebê. Os resultados demonstraram que, especialmente aos 9 meses, ocorrem mudanças, de modo que o gesto dêitico de alcançar deixa de ser única categoria utilizada pela criança e passa a ser substituído pelo gesto de apontar. Foi verificado também que os gestos representativos foram observados apenas a partir desta idade. Os gestos dêiticos mais utilizados no estabelecimento e manutenção de episódios interativos foram o de alcançar, por parte dos bebês, e o de mostrar, por parte das mães. Observou-se que mudanças nos gestos das crianças ao longo do seu desenvolvimento foram acompanhadas por mudanças nos gestos maternos. Tais resultados são relevantes no sentido de que contribuem para um maior conhecimento acerca da comunicação gestual mãe-bebê e do seu papel no desenvolvimento linguístico infantil.

According to the social interaction perspective, the child's language development occurs through interactions established with the adult since the early ages. This study aimed to analyze the nonverbal communication of mother-infant dyads during the first year of life. The participants were six dyads, recorded during free play when babies were 6, 9 and 12 months old. The results showed that changes occur, especially at 9 months. The reaching gesture is no longer the single category used by the child and shall be replaced by the pointing gesture. It was also noticed that the representational gestures were observed only after that age. The deictic gestures most used in the establishment and maintenance of interactive episodes were reaching, by the babies, and showing, by mothers. It was noticed that changes in the child gestures during its development were accompanied by changes in maternal gestures. These results are relevant in the sense that they contribute to a greater knowledge about mother-infant gestural communication and its role in the child's linguistic development.

Según la Perspectiva de la Interacción Social de los Estudiosos del Lenguaje, esta se desarrolla por medio de interacciones bidireccionales establecidas entre adulto y niño desde las edades iniciales. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la comunicación no verbal de díadas madre-bebé. Participaron del estudio seis díadas, filmadas en situación de juego libre a los 6, 9 y 12 meses de edad del bebé. Los resultados demostraron que, especialmente a los 9 meses, ocurren cambios, de modo que el gesto deíctico de alcanzar deja de ser única categoría utilizada por el niño y pasa a ser sustituido por el gesto de apuntar. Fue verificado también que los gestos representativos fueron observados apenas a partir de esta edad. Los gestos deícticos más utilizados en el establecimiento y mantenimiento de episodios interactivos fueron el de alcanzar, por parte de los bebés, y el de mostrar, por parte de las madres. Se observó que cambios en los gestos del niño a lo largo de su desarrollo fueron acompañados por cambios en los gestos maternos. Tales resultados son relevantes en el sentido de que contribuyen para un mayor conocimiento acerca de la comunicación gestual madre-bebé y de su papel en el desarrollo lingüístico infantil.

El desarrollo de las habilidades comunicativas pregramaticales. Propuesta de un sistema de categorías para la investigación del gesto en la infancia temprana / The developmental abilities in pregramatical communication. A category system for researching gesture in early childhood

El presente trabajo introduce un sistema de categorías de observación para el estudio de la comunicación gestual comprensivo de las manifestaciones infantiles aisladas tanto como de las formaciones expresivas de gesto y palabra previas a la aparición de estructuras morfosintácticas. Se analizan las limitaciones de los códigos de observación preexistentes y se describe el procedimiento de confección del código de observación propuesto, mostrando sus ventajas. Finalmente, se discute la importancia de revalorizar al gesto como manifestación semiótica de primera magnitud, tanto por su valor semiótico específico como por su rol cooperativo en el proceso de adquisición de la lengua.

The present work introduces a category system for the research of gestural communication comprehensive of child expression both isolated and integrated in gesture-word constructions before the emergence of morphosyn tactical structures. The defects of other similar and previous category systems are analysed and the proceeding by which the present system was built is described, showing their advantages. Finally, the importance of giving the gesture a higher value as a first rate semiotic expression is discussed,considering its specific semiotic value as much as its cooperative role in the process of language acquisition.

Comparative study of the imitation ability in Specific Language Impairment and Autism Spectrum Impairment / Estudo comparativo da habilidade de imitação no Transtorno Específico de Linguagem e no Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo

Purpose: To compare abilities of imitating generic and sequential motion gesture schemes in family routines among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Specific Language Impairment (SLI) and to analyze the relation between imitation index and verbal production in the ASD group. Methods: The sample was constituted by 2:1 pairing of 36 children, according to gender and age. All of them were diagnosed by a multidisciplinary team as belonging to the ASD group (n=24) or SLI group (n=12) and were under direct and indirect intervention in a school clinic. We have used the stage of imitation of the Assessment of Symbolic Maturity, which entails the imitation of nine generic and three sequential motion gesture schemes. Results: There was a tendency to a better performance of the SLI group at imitating both generic and sequential gesture schemes. As we have related the ability of imitation to the verbal production in the ASD group, a direct relation between the production of phrases and the imitation of sequential schemes was detected. Conclusion: The ability to imitate gesture and sequential schemes could be compared, and a more prominent impairment was identified in children with autism. Among them, a direct significant relationship between the ability of imitating sequential gesture schemes in family routine and verbal production of words and sentences was verified. .

Objetivo: Comparar as habilidades de imitação de esquemas gestuais simples e de sequências de ações em rotinas familiares de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo (TEA) e com Transtorno Específico de Linguagem e Fala (TEL) e analisar a relação entre o índice de imitação e a produção verbal das crianças do Grupo TEA. Métodos: A amostra foi constituída pelo pareamento 2:1 de 36 crianças, de acordo com gênero e faixa etária. Todas foram diagnosticadas por equipe multidisciplinar como pertencentes ao Grupo TEA (n=24) ou grupo TEL (n=12) e atendidas em intervenção direta e indireta em clínicaescola. Utilizamos a etapa de imitação da Avaliação da Maturidade Simbólica, que compreende a imitação de nove esquemas gestuais simples e de três esquemas gestuais sequenciais. Resultados: Observamos tendência de melhor desempenho do Grupo TEL na imitação de esquemas gestuais tanto simples como sequenciais. Ao relacionarmos a habilidade de imitação à produção verbal do Grupo TEA, verificamos relação direta entre produção de frases e imitação de esquemas sequenciais. Conclusão: Foi possível comparar a habilidade de imitação gestual e de esquema sequencial e verificar maior comprometimento de desempenho nas crianças com diagnóstico compatível com o Espectro do Autismo. Dentre estas, verificouse relação direta significativa entre a habilidade de imitação de sequências de rotinas familiares e a produção verbal de palavras e frases. .

Effect of Illiteracy on Cognition and Cerebral Morphology in Later Life

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A better developmental environment has positive effects on brain development. The acquisition of literacy during childhood may affect brain functional organization. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of illiteracy on neuropsychological test results and cerebral morphology in later life. METHODS: We recruited 7 illiterate elderly farmers who had never attended school and had no reading or writing knowledge. These subjects were compared with 9 literate subjects in terms of neuropsychological performance and brain volume. All subjects were over 65-years-old and had the same regional and occupational background. RESULTS: Neuropsychological tests indicated that the performance of the illiterate subjects was worse than that of literate subjects in all cognitive domains except forward digit span, tool-use and tool-free gestures, verbal word recognition, and verbal generation of animals and grocery items. The illiterate group also showed significantly decreased cortical volume and surface area in both parietal lobes. However, the illiterate group showed increased cortical thickness in the left cuneus. CONCLUSIONS: Literacy acquired in childhood may increase the volume of the parietal lobe and improve neuropsychological performance through the process of brain plasticity. The effects can be lifelong.

Research progress on emotion recognition based on physiological signals / 生物医学工程学杂志

Emotion recognition will be prosperious in multifarious applications, like distance education, healthcare, and human-computer interactions, etc. Emotions can be recognized from the behavior signals such as speech, facial expressions, gestures or the physiological signals such as electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram. Contrast to other methods, the physiological signals based emotion recognition can achieve more objective and effective results because it is almost impossible to be disguised. This paper introduces recent advancements in emotion research using physiological signals, specified to its emotion model, elicitation stimuli, feature extraction and classification methods. Finally the paper also discusses some research challenges and future developments.